C is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language. It was developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs and is known for its efficiency, portability, and close relationship with hardware. C is widely used for system programming, including operating systems, embedded systems, and game development.

Python#

Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. Wikipedia ↗

Python is one of the most popular programming languages in the industry. It’s widely used in various domains, including web development, data science, machine learning, and scripting.
It can be used to automate repetitive tasks and create sophisticated applications; it can also be used in penetration testing.
Characterisitics:

• Interpreted: Python code is executed line by line, which simplifies debugging and testing. 
• Object-Oriented: Supports object-oriented programming principles like classes and objects, promoting modularity and reusability. 
• High-Level: Python abstracts away many low-level details, allowing developers to focus on the logic of their programs. 
• Dynamically Typed: Python determines the data type of a variable at runtime, offering flexibility. 
• Large Standard Library: Python comes with a vast collection of pre-built modules and packages, providing functionalities for various tasks. 
• Cross-Platform: Python runs on different operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux. 
• Extensible: Python can be extended with code written in other languages like C or C++.

The following websites provide examples of Python programming concepts, tutorials, examples, and cheat sheets:

• W3 Schools Python Tutorial: https://www.w3schools.com/python ↗
• Tutorials Point Python Tutorial: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/index.htm ↗
• The Python Guru: https://thepythonguru.com ↗
• A comprehensive list of Python resources: https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python ↗

JavaScript#

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, multi-paradigm programming language and one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. It is primarily known for enabling interactive and dynamic content on websites.
Characteristics:

• Client-side scripting
• Server-side development
• Mobile and Desktop Applications
• Multi-paradigm
• Integration with HTML and CSS
• Lightweight and Interpreted

The following are several resources that can help you learn JavaScript :

• A Re-introduction to Java Script: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/A_re-introduction_to_JavaScript ↗
• MDN JavaScript Reference: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference ↗
• Eloquent JavaScript: https://eloquentjavascript.net/ ↗
• Code Academy introduction to JavaScript: https://www.codecademy.com/learn/introduction-to-javascript ↗
• W3 Schools JavaScript Tutorial: https://www.w3schools.com/js/default.asp ↗

Ruby#

Ruby is a dynamic, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language known for its user-friendly syntax and focus on developer productivity. It’s often used for web development, particularly with the Ruby on Rails framework, but also for scripting and other applications.
Fetaures:

• Object-Oriented
• Dynamic Typing
• Interpreted
• User-Friendly Syntax
• Extensible

The following websites provide examples of Ruby programming concepts, tutorials, examples, and cheat sheets:

• Ruby in Twenty Minutes tutorial: https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/quickstart/ ↗
• Learn Ruby Online interactive Ruby tutorial: https://www.learnrubyonline.org ↗
• A GitHub repository that includes a community-driven collection of awesome Ruby libraries, tools, frameworks, and software: https://github.com/markets/awesome-ruby ↗

PowerShell#

PowerShell is a cross-platform command-line shell and scripting language developed by Microsoft, primarily designed for task automation and configuration management. It is built on the .NET framework and combines the functionality of a command-line interpreter with a robust scripting environment.

PowerShell and related tools can be used for exploitation and post-exploitation activities.
Microsoft has a vast collection of free video courses and tutorials that include PowerShell. Search for “powershell” at learn.microsoft.com ↗.

Perl#

Perl is a programming language developed by Larry Wall, especially designed for text processing. It stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language. It runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX.

There are many different online resources that can be used to learn the Perl programming language. The following are a few examples:

• TutorialsPoint Perl Tutorial: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/perl/index.htm ↗
• PerTutorial.org: https://www.perltutorial.org/ ↗
• PerlMaven Tutorial: https://perlmaven.com/perl-tutorial ↗